5. Maps
Edward Baines
As we have seen, Edward Baines
included maps, and it seems that right from the start, maps were intended to be
an integral part of White´s directories. Edward Baines had included a Map
of the Country Ten Miles Around Leeds in his first directory (of that
city) as early as 1817. Indeed, most of the directories published from this
date promised maps in some form or another; even Francis felt he had to include
maps. As already noted, many of the early examples were offered either in a
separate publication (Baines) or as a supplementary map (i.e. White), and very
few seem to have survived: hence for collectors of Baines´, and also for
White´s directories, a common expression found in catalogue descriptions
is lacks map (as usual).
A facsimile of the Illustration volume of Yorkshire
This was
published by E J Morten of Manchester in 1969. There was a similar volume for
Lancashire.
All Baines´ directory volumes will be purchased lacking the
maps. The maps were primarily sold or presented in separate books, so, to some
extent, these should have survived best. Some early buyers will have had the
maps rebound professionally and they are sometimes seen at antiquarian
bookshops, sold separately to the directory as “atlas”. The original binder´s
covers suffered with time and would often lead to the maps being split up by
dealers and the maps sold separately[1].
The two examples in the author´s collection comprise the maps held in a cover
of printed boards. Both are in poor condition with spine leather perished and
printed boards illegible or completely rubbed off.
Although William White originally offered maps as “included”,
these were also distributed separately or were loose within the directory. Most
White directories on sale at bookshops today are sold lacking the promised map. Only
occasionally does one come across a volume with the map. In an
(unrepresentative) sample of 120 Willliam White directories on sale through ABE
Books (October 2025), only 17 offered maps[2] and
most of these were post 1870. Occasionally one finds a loose map with a Baines
or a White imprint but this is far less common. White also may have sold his
maps to generate supplementary income and early examples of Stafford and
Lincoln are known in covers, as well as maps of Yorkshire from the second
edition. William White´s choice of how the map was to be included varied over
time: directories of Devonshire has been seen with map bound in (1850, possibly
tipped in by previous owner), loose (1878) or in a pocket in the inside front
cover (1890). Other county maps have been neatly pasted onto the inside front
cover, probably by the initial owner (Leicester with Rutland, 1877, author´s
collection).
Obviously, the early (Baines) maps are easy to identify and
match with the volumes they should accompany. The title and/or imprint make the
source self-explanatory. All maps have an imprint Engraved for the
History and Directory of Yorkshire (maps are listed and described in Appendix
I), or Surveyed, …, for “Baines´ Lancashire”; published by W Wales &
Co. Castle Street, Liverpool. (see Appendix II): Neither
book of maps is priced so it is not known whether these were available for
purchase separate to the directory.
Many of the maps from the above two series appear to have
been specially commissioned by Edward Baines, i.e. they were new surveys, often
carried out by local artists. The maps were usually engraved in London.
The engravers Neele & Son of 352 Strand and Sidney Hall, Bury
Street, Bloomsbury, (London) were well-known firms; J H Franks of, 3,
Harrington Street, Liverpool, or as Franks & Johnson (plans of Preston
and Lancaster) were relatively unknown. The first two had a long history of
engraving maps, both for others and for themselves. Both companies are known,
for example, to have produced atlases: Sidney Hall´s Topographical
Dictionary of Great Britain appeared in 1830; Samuel John Neele (d. 1824)
ad his son Josiah (d.1845) produced work for a variety of publishers and had
engraved most of the maps for James Dugdale´s The New British Traveller
(from 1815) which was extremely successful. Franks is mainly known for the maps
he executed for Baines, but besides one map of Canada (1820) most other maps
are of the midlands and some of waterways: Liverpool for W S Sherwood in 1821;
Liverpool for James Sheriff in 1823; Wakefield to Ferrybridge canal, 1826; map
of Humber & Mersey, 1826; inland navigation for Joseph Priestley, 1830; and
a map of the Harrogate area for George Kemp in 1832.
Stockport surveyed by R Thornton for Edward
Baines
William White
When William White took over the directory business (with the
exception of Leeds) he used a combination of sources for his maps. The two
county maps for his first venture with William Parson included were Durham
(dated 1827) and Northumberland (1828). These were both by the very
well-known map-maker John Cary. The History,
directory, and gazetteer, of the counties of Durham and Northumberland, was
published in two volumes by Wm Parson and Wm White (1827 and 1828) and the maps
were, again, in a separate folder: Durham and Northumberland was
illustrated with maps and tables, on fine paper, 1s 6d each extra (see Appendix III). This
was offered in two parts. Sold in two narrow booklets, the set consisted of:
Volume 1. Map of the County of Durham, Distance Tables of the Counties of
Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland & Westmorland, General Distance Table of
the Towns of England, Scotland, Ireland, France & The Netherlands, &c.
Volume 2. Map of Northumberland. Population of all the Towns of the United
Kingdom, &c[3]. Both
county maps are very unusual, however, being the Cary maps as adapted for use
by William Smith with copious notes on geology.
The Directory for Cumberland and Westmorland was
presumably treated in the same way. Unfortunately, a collection of these maps
has not yet been located. A list of the maps and tables in the accompanying
ATLAS was given in the Preface to this work. These were to include: two
large and neatly engraved MAPS of Cumberland and Westmoreland, and three large
TABLES; the reciprocal Distances of the Principal Towns of Great
Britain, Ireland, France, and the Netherlands, with an itinerary of the Mail
Routes, &c &c may have been new; all the Towns in and near the four
most Northern Counties of England, was from the Durham directory; the Population
of England from the Census of 1821 is also found in the
History and Directory of Lancashire. It is interesting to note the style
and form of the Distance Tables etc. These were originally folding and quite
large and detailed: for example, the Table of the Reciprocal Distances
of the Principal Towns of England and Wales, measures 41 x 51
cm. The distance table would be an early feature of all directories,
although the later directories sufficed with a small table fitting one page.
Distance Tables appeared in each
volume, here from Directory of Staffordshire.
Despite the lack of extant
directories complete with the relevant maps, we know that William White offered
maps to accompany almost all his county titles, and also for some of his city
directories. Of the county titles from 1837-38 (Yorkshire 2nd edition) to 1892
(Lincoln, the last of White´s county directories) there are a total of 34
separate editions. Of these, thirteen have In One Volume with a (large)
map of the County explicitly mentioned on the title page. These all
date between 1832 and 1863. The second edition of Leicestershire (1868) was
offered With a Map of the Counties: the price of one Guinea was
below the imprint. Some of the counties have different prices for subscribers
and non-subscribers, but always with the map. Hence, the first edition for
Nottinghamshire (1832) has Price of the Volume and Map, to Subscribers,
10s 6d in Boards or 12s in Calf Binding – To Non Subscribers, 3s extra. To
supplement the income from county directories, maps were offered mounted or on
rollers. This approach is prevalent in the city directories where maps were
offered separately: for example, Sheffield (1845) offers A Plan of
Sheffield with the Wards Coloured, may be had for 1s; and in the 1852
edition the volume was Illustrated by a new map of the District. …
(Price to subscribers) … The Map is delivered in the Sheet, or may be
had, Varnished and Mounted on Rollers, for 2s extra.
Another source of information
concerning White´s variety of maps is the short advertisement sections in his
directories. One example is included in his Directory of Essex for 1862-3. On
page 11 (advertising section), under the simple title William White, and his
address he respectfully informs that … He has a few copies of his
History and Directory of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, in a large Octavo
Volume, price 17s 6d., with a New Map. The last line reads: White´s
maps of Essex, Suffolk, and Hampshire, 1s each, and Map of Yorkshire, 2s; will
be sent, post free, on receipt of Stamps for the amount. In his directory
for Bradford of 1887, he is not only offering new and recently published
directories but also maps of Sheffield, Sheffield and Twenty Miles Round,
Lincolnshire, Suffolk, North and East Ridings of Yorkshire, Leeds, West Riding
of Yorkshire, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight at prices ranging from one to
four shillings.
Advert
for White´s Maps from 1878 Hampshire Directory.
Newspaper advertising was especially important for William
White throughout the company´s lifetime. There are numerous adverts announcing
forthcoming titles, the publication of recent county directories and, of
course, the disclaimers concerning his family rival. The directories undergoing
preparation or revision were often advertised up to a year in advance. The
1878-79 issue of Devon, for example, was announced (at least) as early as
December 1877. The outline would nearly always mention the inclusion of a map.
One peculiarity is that White may
not have advertised the maps in his Subscription Letter. There are no records
of these announcements in any catalogues, and it must be assumed almost all are
lost, and the surviving examples not thought useful to list separately. The
author has one example announcing the forthcoming Second Edition of Devonshire (1878).
Although detailing all the contents there is no mention of a map; however, this
edition does contain an adapted John and Charles Walker map of Devonshire (loose,
not bound in), with White´s imprint. In this example the subscriber would save
11 shillings over the later, published price (25/- and not 36/-), or roughly
30%.
Most of the county maps seen from White directories from 1840
have White´s imprint. Three of these maps are extremely attractive. The first
is a map purchased from William Darton and adapted with the addition of White´s
imprint. It originally appeared in an atlas of 1818 but was revised about the
time of this issue for a second edition of that atlas.
For the first edition of his History of Lincoln, William
White used a map originally engraved by James Stevenson[4],
of London for a
historical work published
by a local publisher, John Saunders to accompany a set of (nearly 100)
engravings by Mary Saunders, History of the County of Lincoln in
1836[5].
It reappeared with new title, dated 1839, and sold in covers[6].
Two years later, and with a new title, Lincoln reduced from the actual
surveys, and carefully Corrected to the year 1841, it also clearly has
White´s imprint: Published with White´s History and Directory of
Lincolnshire. No copy of White´s Lincoln directory has been found with the
map bound in, although three separate editions of this map are known (usually
folded in covers) and dated to coincide with editions of the directory.
Another particularly attractive
map is that for Suffolk[7].
One example which seems to coincide with issue of the Second Edition in 1855 is
extant and is similar to that seen in the later Third and Fourth Editions.
The attractive title in various types of script: Map of Suffolk,
Divided into Hundreds and Boroughs and Shewing all the Railways, Roads
& Rivers, Canals &c &c. The main imprint in the title: Drawn
and Engraved for the History, Gazetteer & Directory of Suffolk. Published
by WM White, Sheffield, and dated accordingly. The map may have
been specially prepared for White´s first edition of 1844; J H Franks who also engraved
maps of Yorkshire and Lancashire, first for Baines and later for White, may
well have been the engraver, but his name is omitted from the 1855 folding map
in covers. James Henry Franks (later trading as Franks and Johnson) engraved
plans of Liverpool, Lancaster, Preston as well as maps covering the Ridings of
Yorkshire and Lancashire for Baines´ early directories of those counties. The
two partners were in prison for debt in 1833; and Franks died in 1857.[8] The
map in these later editions has an imprint under the border centrally of
London, Simpkin, Marshall & Co. This company published (or sold) White´s
directories in London from circa 1864 (Norfolk 3rd edition).
Attractive title to Map of Suffolk
by J H Franks.
From 1848 (Essex) until the
1880s, William White seems to have purchased a number of his county maps from
the company of J & C Walker. The map of Essex in the first edition has been
seen in two copies of the directory[9].
It is one of the series produced for The British Atlas by John
& Charles Walker. John Walker was a founder of the Royal Geographical
Society (1830) and worked in partnership with his brother from 1827. The two
produced a vast range of maps and charts. When Edward Baines published his History
of Lancaster it included a map of Lancashire from J & C Walker (1836).
This White map of Essex differs from the atlas versions in the absence of the
Walker imprint below the map; but it also lacks a White imprint, which is
unusual. Other county maps have been seen, adapted from the British
Atlas maps, but with a White imprint for Devon (1850), Leicestershire
with Rutland (1877), Devon (1878), Norfolk (1883) and Nottinghamshire (1885).
The map of Leicestershire with Rutland had to be specially adapted. The
original map found in the British Atlas had only Leicestershire. The map
was adapted at some time between 1844 and 1851 by the inclusion of an extra
inset in the corner showing Rutland and the title amended to include and
Rutland.
J & C Walker´s
map of Leicester with Walker imprint superimposed on Directory map of Leicester
with Rutland 1877 with White imprint.
There is a certain anomaly here.
The Walker brothers were very close, although John was very much the senior
partner[10].
They both continued working until the ends of their lives, and died within a
year of each other. Charles died in January 1872, aged 72, at the Keppel Street
(Bloomsbury London) address where the complete family resided consisting of
three brothers and four sisters. His older brother, John, died in April the
following year aged 83. There is no record of any person taking the business
over[11].
It is possible that White purchased leftover stock and simply added his imprint
below the map as and when required[12].
However, this stock, or his source, must have dried up in the 1880s.
Another source of maps was the
company of John Cary. White had obtained printings of his maps, as adapted with
geological information for William Smith (he produced the first geological
survey of England), and sold these in his Durham and Northumberland “atlas”
section (1825). At least two other directories are known to have used maps
which were based on those of John Cary. The original map plates had been
prepared as early as 1807 for Cary´s New English Atlas.
There were frequent reprintings
with updating of the map up until the end of the century, by which time they
had been acquired by G F Cruchley. Cary had used a simple title in an oval
frame until 1842. When Cruchley obtained them in the following decade he
revised the titles. These would read Cruchley´s Railway and Telegraphic
County Map of … in a variety of script styles. Variants of these maps,
revised for White, are found in 1863 (Essex) and 1890 (Devon). A map from an,
as yet, unidentified map of Hampshire Reduced from the Ordnance Survey appeared in 1878. The map used
for the final edition of Lincoln (1892) was being used by G W
Bacon when it appeared but was actually from a plate originally prepared in
1858 for The Weekly Dispatch. Bacon acquired these in 1869 for their Bacon´s
County Atlas and made prolific use of the lithographic transfers into
the twentieth century. When the third and final edition of Nottinghamshire
appeared in 1894, the map included was one originally printed and published by
George Philip & Son. This had first appeared in 1872 in their Atlas of
the English Counties.
Typical later White covers –
Devonshire 1878 and Leicester 1878
Edward Baines
As we have seen, Edward Baines
included maps, and it seems that right from the start, maps were intended to be
an integral part of White´s directories. Edward Baines had included a Map
of the Country Ten Miles Around Leeds in his first directory (of that
city) as early as 1817. Indeed, most of the directories published from this
date promised maps in some form or another; even Francis felt he had to include
maps. As already noted, many of the early examples were offered either in a
separate publication (Baines) or as a supplementary map (i.e. White), and very
few seem to have survived: hence for collectors of Baines´, and also for
White´s directories, a common expression found in catalogue descriptions
is lacks map (as usual).
A facsimile of the Illustration volume of Yorkshire
This was
published by E J Morten of Manchester in 1969. There was a similar volume for
Lancashire.
All Baines´ directory volumes will be purchased lacking the
maps. The maps were primarily sold or presented in separate books, so, to some
extent, these should have survived best. Some early buyers will have had the
maps rebound professionally and they are sometimes seen at antiquarian
bookshops, sold separately to the directory as “atlas”. The original binder´s
covers suffered with time and would often lead to the maps being split up by
dealers and the maps sold separately[1].
The two examples in the author´s collection comprise the maps held in a cover
of printed boards. Both are in poor condition with spine leather perished and
printed boards illegible or completely rubbed off.
Although William White originally offered maps as “included”,
these were also distributed separately or were loose within the directory. Most
White directories on sale at bookshops today are sold lacking the promised map. Only
occasionally does one come across a volume with the map. In an
(unrepresentative) sample of 120 Willliam White directories on sale through ABE
Books (October 2025), only 17 offered maps[2] and
most of these were post 1870. Occasionally one finds a loose map with a Baines
or a White imprint but this is far less common. White also may have sold his
maps to generate supplementary income and early examples of Stafford and
Lincoln are known in covers, as well as maps of Yorkshire from the second
edition. William White´s choice of how the map was to be included varied over
time: directories of Devonshire has been seen with map bound in (1850, possibly
tipped in by previous owner), loose (1878) or in a pocket in the inside front
cover (1890). Other county maps have been neatly pasted onto the inside front
cover, probably by the initial owner (Leicester with Rutland, 1877, author´s
collection).
Obviously, the early (Baines) maps are easy to identify and
match with the volumes they should accompany. The title and/or imprint make the
source self-explanatory. All maps have an imprint Engraved for the
History and Directory of Yorkshire (maps are listed and described in Appendix
I), or Surveyed, …, for “Baines´ Lancashire”; published by W Wales &
Co. Castle Street, Liverpool. (see Appendix II): Neither
book of maps is priced so it is not known whether these were available for
purchase separate to the directory.
Many of the maps from the above two series appear to have
been specially commissioned by Edward Baines, i.e. they were new surveys, often
carried out by local artists. The maps were usually engraved in London.
The engravers Neele & Son of 352 Strand and Sidney Hall, Bury
Street, Bloomsbury, (London) were well-known firms; J H Franks of, 3,
Harrington Street, Liverpool, or as Franks & Johnson (plans of Preston
and Lancaster) were relatively unknown. The first two had a long history of
engraving maps, both for others and for themselves. Both companies are known,
for example, to have produced atlases: Sidney Hall´s Topographical
Dictionary of Great Britain appeared in 1830; Samuel John Neele (d. 1824)
ad his son Josiah (d.1845) produced work for a variety of publishers and had
engraved most of the maps for James Dugdale´s The New British Traveller
(from 1815) which was extremely successful. Franks is mainly known for the maps
he executed for Baines, but besides one map of Canada (1820) most other maps
are of the midlands and some of waterways: Liverpool for W S Sherwood in 1821;
Liverpool for James Sheriff in 1823; Wakefield to Ferrybridge canal, 1826; map
of Humber & Mersey, 1826; inland navigation for Joseph Priestley, 1830; and
a map of the Harrogate area for George Kemp in 1832.
Stockport surveyed by R Thornton for Edward
Baines
William White
When William White took over the directory business (with the
exception of Leeds) he used a combination of sources for his maps. The two
county maps for his first venture with William Parson included were Durham
(dated 1827) and Northumberland (1828). These were both by the very
well-known map-maker John Cary. The History,
directory, and gazetteer, of the counties of Durham and Northumberland, was
published in two volumes by Wm Parson and Wm White (1827 and 1828) and the maps
were, again, in a separate folder: Durham and Northumberland was
illustrated with maps and tables, on fine paper, 1s 6d each extra (see Appendix III). This
was offered in two parts. Sold in two narrow booklets, the set consisted of:
Volume 1. Map of the County of Durham, Distance Tables of the Counties of
Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland & Westmorland, General Distance Table of
the Towns of England, Scotland, Ireland, France & The Netherlands, &c.
Volume 2. Map of Northumberland. Population of all the Towns of the United
Kingdom, &c[3]. Both
county maps are very unusual, however, being the Cary maps as adapted for use
by William Smith with copious notes on geology.
The Directory for Cumberland and Westmorland was
presumably treated in the same way. Unfortunately, a collection of these maps
has not yet been located. A list of the maps and tables in the accompanying
ATLAS was given in the Preface to this work. These were to include: two
large and neatly engraved MAPS of Cumberland and Westmoreland, and three large
TABLES; the reciprocal Distances of the Principal Towns of Great
Britain, Ireland, France, and the Netherlands, with an itinerary of the Mail
Routes, &c &c may have been new; all the Towns in and near the four
most Northern Counties of England, was from the Durham directory; the Population
of England from the Census of 1821 is also found in the
History and Directory of Lancashire. It is interesting to note the style
and form of the Distance Tables etc. These were originally folding and quite
large and detailed: for example, the Table of the Reciprocal Distances
of the Principal Towns of England and Wales, measures 41 x 51
cm. The distance table would be an early feature of all directories,
although the later directories sufficed with a small table fitting one page.
Distance Tables appeared in each
volume, here from Directory of Staffordshire.
Despite the lack of extant
directories complete with the relevant maps, we know that William White offered
maps to accompany almost all his county titles, and also for some of his city
directories. Of the county titles from 1837-38 (Yorkshire 2nd edition) to 1892
(Lincoln, the last of White´s county directories) there are a total of 34
separate editions. Of these, thirteen have In One Volume with a (large)
map of the County explicitly mentioned on the title page. These all
date between 1832 and 1863. The second edition of Leicestershire (1868) was
offered With a Map of the Counties: the price of one Guinea was
below the imprint. Some of the counties have different prices for subscribers
and non-subscribers, but always with the map. Hence, the first edition for
Nottinghamshire (1832) has Price of the Volume and Map, to Subscribers,
10s 6d in Boards or 12s in Calf Binding – To Non Subscribers, 3s extra. To
supplement the income from county directories, maps were offered mounted or on
rollers. This approach is prevalent in the city directories where maps were
offered separately: for example, Sheffield (1845) offers A Plan of
Sheffield with the Wards Coloured, may be had for 1s; and in the 1852
edition the volume was Illustrated by a new map of the District. …
(Price to subscribers) … The Map is delivered in the Sheet, or may be
had, Varnished and Mounted on Rollers, for 2s extra.
Another source of information
concerning White´s variety of maps is the short advertisement sections in his
directories. One example is included in his Directory of Essex for 1862-3. On
page 11 (advertising section), under the simple title William White, and his
address he respectfully informs that … He has a few copies of his
History and Directory of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, in a large Octavo
Volume, price 17s 6d., with a New Map. The last line reads: White´s
maps of Essex, Suffolk, and Hampshire, 1s each, and Map of Yorkshire, 2s; will
be sent, post free, on receipt of Stamps for the amount. In his directory
for Bradford of 1887, he is not only offering new and recently published
directories but also maps of Sheffield, Sheffield and Twenty Miles Round,
Lincolnshire, Suffolk, North and East Ridings of Yorkshire, Leeds, West Riding
of Yorkshire, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight at prices ranging from one to
four shillings.
Advert
for White´s Maps from 1878 Hampshire Directory.
Newspaper advertising was especially important for William
White throughout the company´s lifetime. There are numerous adverts announcing
forthcoming titles, the publication of recent county directories and, of
course, the disclaimers concerning his family rival. The directories undergoing
preparation or revision were often advertised up to a year in advance. The
1878-79 issue of Devon, for example, was announced (at least) as early as
December 1877. The outline would nearly always mention the inclusion of a map.
One peculiarity is that White may
not have advertised the maps in his Subscription Letter. There are no records
of these announcements in any catalogues, and it must be assumed almost all are
lost, and the surviving examples not thought useful to list separately. The
author has one example announcing the forthcoming Second Edition of Devonshire (1878).
Although detailing all the contents there is no mention of a map; however, this
edition does contain an adapted John and Charles Walker map of Devonshire (loose,
not bound in), with White´s imprint. In this example the subscriber would save
11 shillings over the later, published price (25/- and not 36/-), or roughly
30%.
Most of the county maps seen from White directories from 1840
have White´s imprint. Three of these maps are extremely attractive. The first
is a map purchased from William Darton and adapted with the addition of White´s
imprint. It originally appeared in an atlas of 1818 but was revised about the
time of this issue for a second edition of that atlas.
For the first edition of his History of Lincoln, William
White used a map originally engraved by James Stevenson[4],
of London for a
historical work published
by a local publisher, John Saunders to accompany a set of (nearly 100)
engravings by Mary Saunders, History of the County of Lincoln in
1836[5].
It reappeared with new title, dated 1839, and sold in covers[6].
Two years later, and with a new title, Lincoln reduced from the actual
surveys, and carefully Corrected to the year 1841, it also clearly has
White´s imprint: Published with White´s History and Directory of
Lincolnshire. No copy of White´s Lincoln directory has been found with the
map bound in, although three separate editions of this map are known (usually
folded in covers) and dated to coincide with editions of the directory.
Another particularly attractive
map is that for Suffolk[7].
One example which seems to coincide with issue of the Second Edition in 1855 is
extant and is similar to that seen in the later Third and Fourth Editions.
The attractive title in various types of script: Map of Suffolk,
Divided into Hundreds and Boroughs and Shewing all the Railways, Roads
& Rivers, Canals &c &c. The main imprint in the title: Drawn
and Engraved for the History, Gazetteer & Directory of Suffolk. Published
by WM White, Sheffield, and dated accordingly. The map may have
been specially prepared for White´s first edition of 1844; J H Franks who also engraved
maps of Yorkshire and Lancashire, first for Baines and later for White, may
well have been the engraver, but his name is omitted from the 1855 folding map
in covers. James Henry Franks (later trading as Franks and Johnson) engraved
plans of Liverpool, Lancaster, Preston as well as maps covering the Ridings of
Yorkshire and Lancashire for Baines´ early directories of those counties. The
two partners were in prison for debt in 1833; and Franks died in 1857.[8] The
map in these later editions has an imprint under the border centrally of
London, Simpkin, Marshall & Co. This company published (or sold) White´s
directories in London from circa 1864 (Norfolk 3rd edition).
Attractive title to Map of Suffolk
by J H Franks.
From 1848 (Essex) until the
1880s, William White seems to have purchased a number of his county maps from
the company of J & C Walker. The map of Essex in the first edition has been
seen in two copies of the directory[9].
It is one of the series produced for The British Atlas by John
& Charles Walker. John Walker was a founder of the Royal Geographical
Society (1830) and worked in partnership with his brother from 1827. The two
produced a vast range of maps and charts. When Edward Baines published his History
of Lancaster it included a map of Lancashire from J & C Walker (1836).
This White map of Essex differs from the atlas versions in the absence of the
Walker imprint below the map; but it also lacks a White imprint, which is
unusual. Other county maps have been seen, adapted from the British
Atlas maps, but with a White imprint for Devon (1850), Leicestershire
with Rutland (1877), Devon (1878), Norfolk (1883) and Nottinghamshire (1885).
The map of Leicestershire with Rutland had to be specially adapted. The
original map found in the British Atlas had only Leicestershire. The map
was adapted at some time between 1844 and 1851 by the inclusion of an extra
inset in the corner showing Rutland and the title amended to include and
Rutland.
J & C Walker´s
map of Leicester with Walker imprint superimposed on Directory map of Leicester
with Rutland 1877 with White imprint.
There is a certain anomaly here.
The Walker brothers were very close, although John was very much the senior
partner[10].
They both continued working until the ends of their lives, and died within a
year of each other. Charles died in January 1872, aged 72, at the Keppel Street
(Bloomsbury London) address where the complete family resided consisting of
three brothers and four sisters. His older brother, John, died in April the
following year aged 83. There is no record of any person taking the business
over[11].
It is possible that White purchased leftover stock and simply added his imprint
below the map as and when required[12].
However, this stock, or his source, must have dried up in the 1880s.
Another source of maps was the
company of John Cary. White had obtained printings of his maps, as adapted with
geological information for William Smith (he produced the first geological
survey of England), and sold these in his Durham and Northumberland “atlas”
section (1825). At least two other directories are known to have used maps
which were based on those of John Cary. The original map plates had been
prepared as early as 1807 for Cary´s New English Atlas.
There were frequent reprintings
with updating of the map up until the end of the century, by which time they
had been acquired by G F Cruchley. Cary had used a simple title in an oval
frame until 1842. When Cruchley obtained them in the following decade he
revised the titles. These would read Cruchley´s Railway and Telegraphic
County Map of … in a variety of script styles. Variants of these maps,
revised for White, are found in 1863 (Essex) and 1890 (Devon). A map from an,
as yet, unidentified map of Hampshire Reduced from the Ordnance Survey appeared in 1878. The map used
for the final edition of Lincoln (1892) was being used by G W
Bacon when it appeared but was actually from a plate originally prepared in
1858 for The Weekly Dispatch. Bacon acquired these in 1869 for their Bacon´s
County Atlas and made prolific use of the lithographic transfers into
the twentieth century. When the third and final edition of Nottinghamshire
appeared in 1894, the map included was one originally printed and published by
George Philip & Son. This had first appeared in 1872 in their Atlas of
the English Counties.
Typical later White covers –
Devonshire 1878 and Leicester 1878
William White´s Directories:
Click the entry below to access relevant page.
1. Early Years - William White and Edward Baines
2. William White & Co.
3. Rivalry and Family Feud
4. Francis White & Co.
5. The County Maps of William White
6. William White Co. - Later Years
Appendix 1 - The County Directories of Edward Baines
1.1. Yorkshire
1.2. Lancashire
Appendix 2 - The County Directories of William White
2.1. Durham and Northumberland
2.2 - Cumberland & Westmorland
2.3 - Nottinghamshire
2.4 - Staffordshire
2.5 - Norfolk
2.6 - Yorkshire (later edition)
2.7 - Lincoln
2.8 - Suffolk
2.9 - Leicestershire with Rutland
2.10 - Essex
2.11 - Devonshire
2.12 - Hampshire with Isle of Wight
[1] See, for example the sets on sale at Barry Larence Ruderman, San Diego, or The Map House, London (October 2025).
[1] See, for example the sets on sale at Barry Larence Ruderman, San Diego, or The Map House, London (October 2025).
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